援助安全：一个基于援助载体的新议题

对外援助是国际政治学与国际政治经济学研究中的重要议题。一方面,作为一种由援助国提供的特殊性国际公共物品,它是全球治理和国际发展领域的重要变量;另一方面,作为国家的一种对外政策工具,对外援助在国际竞争舞台上发挥着战略性功能。在国际政治中,有志于发展的对外援助都与安全问题息息相关。援助与安全之间的联结经历了从一般关联到深入互嵌再到"安全化"的演变历程,安全思维越来越多地影响对外援助过程,冲击着连接援助国和受援国的援助资源载体。面对嵌入对外援助过程的"安全化"趋势,通过聚焦援助与安全之间的复杂关系和发展趋势,试图诉诸安全视角来审视援助载体,并因此提出了"援助安全"概念框架。该框架致力于从国际结构转型、援助国和受援国关系及相关国家国内政治等不同角度探寻援助过程中财力资源、人力资源与制度资源分别面临的多元安全威胁和风险来源。援助安全可以从技术条件性、透明性、实施预算管理、提供援助安保人员训练和改革全球援助体系等举措得以保障。     

Choice,Privacy and Publicly Funded Legal Advice at Police Stations

Section 58 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 confers on all suspects held in police custody a right to consult a solicitor in private. The free legal advice which suspects arrested for certain minor offences can request is restricted to telephone advice from a call‐centre operated by CDS Direct. It is lawful for the Legal Services Commission to restrict the delivery of legal advice in this way. Empirical research, however, reveals that there are police stations that lack the facilities for suspects to speak by telephone with legal advisers secure in the knowledge that what is said will not be overheard. It is unlawful and incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights to expect suspects to speak by telephone to a legal adviser under such conditions.     

“新泛突厥主义”运动及中国意识形态安全:挑战与应对

大致从2007年土耳其“正义与发展党”再度执政并推行“新奥斯曼主义”政策以来,泛突厥主义获得新动力,相对于之前的泛突厥主义进程(1991年至2005年间),类似现象或可称为“新泛突厥主义”。2009年,土耳其明确以“新奥斯曼主义”作为治国和外交方略,其实是对之前政策的确认,而泛突厥主义正是“新奥斯曼主义”意识形态兼容的部分。与此前相比,土耳其与中亚、高加索相关各国互动更加频繁,中亚、高加索各国积极配合,各方合作水平提升；初步具备了机制化的合作平台,进行突厥语国家的多边合作。土耳其政治家不仅用“新奥斯曼主义”凝聚国民,也在争夺中亚、高加索的“大牌局”中,获得地缘文明、地缘政治优势,其影响不断扩大,是一个值得观察的现象。现在,俄罗斯、西方国家和土耳其在东欧和中东的激烈争夺必将影响中亚形势,而中亚地区与中国国家安全紧密相关。泛突厥主义也会给中国带来意识形态-文化的挑战、甚至安全威胁。因此,必须深入观察其动态和趋势并积极应对。     

特朗普政府初期美国军方管控气候风险及其行为逻辑

奥巴马政府时期，美国国家安全界对气候变化形成比较统一的认识，即气候变化对美国国家安全构成潜在威胁。与这种认知形成、加深相伴随的是，美国的国家安全体系逐渐开始将气候变化因素纳入其战略规划与日常实践。特朗普执政后，美国安全政策中的气候因素不仅没有淡化或终结，相反，在某些方面或在某种程度上还有强化的迹象。但是，这种强化趋势却出现了新的变化，并通过以下两种方式突显出来：第一，军方对气候变化的侧重点从长期威胁转向近期威胁、从间接威胁转向直接威胁、从全球性灾难转向特定灾害。第二，军方应对气候变化的手段从减排和适应并重转向侧重适应。支撑上述变化的不仅是基于现实的安全利益考量，也是美国决策者内部的矛盾及调和使然。未来，预计美国军方的气候政策进程仍将持续，但是，美国军方的气候政策是否会产生“外溢效应”，进而向上传递到联邦政府决策，仍旧取决于政府与国会之间的博弈。     

DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PURCHASING PROCESS IN THE NHS: TOWARDS AN EXPLICIT POLITICS OF RATIONING?

The introduction of the internal market to the National Health Service in Britain marks a major change in the form of provision of health care interventions. This article reports the findings of independent research into the development of the purchasing process in eight purchasing authorities (which collectively purchase health care for 5 per cent of the population of Britain), and considers the extent to which this has led to an explicit politics of rationing in British health care. The structure and organization of purchasing organizations is described, along with their relationship with providers of health care. The ability of purchasing organizations to assess the health needs of the populations for which they purchase health care services, and their ability to influence change in the nature of the services provided, is also examined.